Percutaneous management of ureteral stenosis of transplanted kidney: technical and clinical aspects.

In the field of renal transplantation, advances in the management of graft rejection have led to improved graft and patient survival rates, however other types of complications have now become more apparent, e.g. vascular or urological. The most common urological complications following renal transplantation are ureteral stenosis or obstruction, constituting a significant problem of the renal graft's survival. The most important aspects concerning these complications are early diagnosis and prompt treatment since any delay in their management may lead to renal graft dysfunction or even graft loss. Developments in interventional radiology have provided minimally invasive means to treat urological complications with low complication rates. Herein we review the literature in order to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous management of ureteral stenosis regarding its safety, immediate and long-term results, complications as well as rate of recurrence.